Advanced Placement (AP) English Literature Practice Exam

What philosophical movement emphasizes intuition and individual conscience over logical reasoning?

1. Rationalism

2. Transcendentalism

3. Romanticism

4. Empiricism

The correct answer is: Transcendentalism

Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that values intuition and the individual's conscience as foundational elements for understanding truth and existence. This movement emerged in the early 19th century in America, with key figures such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau advocating for the belief that individuals are inherently good and capable of self-reliance. Transcendentalists argued that societal institutions and organized religion often corrupt the purity of the individual’s spirit, which should instead be guided by a personal moral compass and intuitive insights. This perspective promotes the idea that profound truths about life and nature can be discovered not merely through logical reasoning or empirical evidence, but through personal experience and a connection to a higher spiritual reality. In contrast, rationalism emphasizes reason as the primary source of knowledge, and empiricism prioritizes sensory experience. Romanticism, while it does celebrate emotion and individual creativity, is broader in scope and does not focus exclusively on the same philosophical tenets as Transcendentalism. Therefore, the emphasis on intuition and the moral guidance of individual conscience distinctly aligns with the principles of Transcendentalism.