Advanced Placement (AP) English Literature Practice Exam

Which literary movement believed in the inherent goodness of people and nature?

1. Transcendentalism

2. Naturalism

3. Classicism

4. Realism

The correct answer is: Transcendentalism

Transcendentalism is recognized for its belief in the inherent goodness of both people and nature. This philosophical and literary movement emerged in the early to mid-19th century in America, emphasizing the importance of individual intuition and the connection between humanity and the natural world. Transcendentalists, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, argued that people are fundamentally good and that society often corrupts this innate purity. They advocated for self-reliance and personal spirituality, viewing nature as a source of inspiration and a reflection of human potential. In contrast, the other movements focus on different aspects of human experience: Naturalism often portrays a more pessimistic view influenced by determinism and the environment. Classicism emphasizes order, reason, and adherence to traditional forms rather than a focus on individual goodness. Realism depicts life as it is, often highlighting the flawed nature of humanity and social issues without an inherent belief in goodness.